会誌『考古学研究』

CONTENTS

Vol.65　No.3（259）, December 2018

PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 64th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY: WHAT IS POWER? ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF RITUAL AND WARFARE, Part 2

• Warfare among hunter-gatherer societies: Considering promoting/preventive factors of inter-group violence
• MATSUMOTO Naoko
  Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the factors which promote or prevent warfare through an examination of current arguments over the origin of warfare and archaeological data. Warfare is a social behavior which develops on the basis of moral standards that value parochial altruism, loyalty to the group and its leader, and obedience to authority. While physical attack can be observed among many species, only humans conduct warfare because morality is a human universal. Contrary to the currently popular understanding that the origin of warfare goes back to the beginning of human history, systematic examination of the rate of violence seen in skeletal remains indicates that warfare was not prevalent among prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies. Moral values promoting egalitarianism, sharing, autonomy, mutual aid, and unrestricted generosity, which are effectively maintained among peaceful hunter-gatherer societies through mutual monitoring and the power of reputation, prevent the concentration of power and inter-group violence. These cultural/cognitive tendencies evolved among prehistoric foragers as the promotion of peaceful relationships beyond the kinship-level was more positively adaptive.

  Keywords: Origin of warfare; egalitarianism; power; parochial altruism; gender.

• Ancient temples, the state, and regional society
• KAJIWARA Yoshimitsu
  Abstract: With respect to the construction of ancient regional temples, the nature of the involvement in temple construction on the part of the monarchy, the state, and regional society, is discussed in this contribution from the two perspectives of the selection of temple sites and eaves tile patterns.
  　Around the middle portion of the seventh century, regional figures of power sought to introduce temple-building technology through individual connections with central clans, and on such occasions the notion of temples and elite residences comprising a set was transmitted. From the third quarter of the seventh century on, the construction of regional temples became increasingly active, and these temples which were built through a variety of site selections were not simply symbols of authority, but were carried out through connections with various aims and circumstances in each region, such as traditional beliefs revering nature or one’s ancestors, or economic interests such as securing temple fields. From the end of the seventh century, while temples were built adjacent to the sites of district offices, this was not done in a uniform manner through the exercise of public authority, but rather a concentration of expertise was carried out through the medium of regional districts, focusing on those districts where temples were not previously built, under the Buddhist policy of the Tenmu court.
  　Also, with regard to research considering the background of temple construction from the distribution of eaves tile patterns, while it is possible to see particular intent on the part of the monarchy and state in the diffusion of tiles made from the same molds as those for central state temples and palace buildings, for relations of tiles having shared patterns, which are by far more numerous, the author believes this indicates only that once the technology for producing tiles has spread to a region, it spreads within the local area along the lines of regional ties.

  Keywords: ancient temples; scenic settings; landscape; regional society; eaves tile patterns.
• General discussion

ARTICLES

• Yayoi period on the Japanese Archipelago
• KAWAMURA Yoshimitsu
  Abstract: In recent years, many Japanese archaeologists have come to believe that the start of the Yayoi Period should be pushed back. Therefore, we are required to recognize the beginning of the Yayoi period as a phenomenon toward civilization across Northeast Asia. The author believes that archeologists should not consider the past based on modern-day viewpoints, but rather should reevaluate the diverse activities of the people of the various regions of Japan prior to the modern era. During the pre-modern eras, there was a coexistence of cultures and societies by the people in the northern, central, and southern regions of Japan. In this paper, the author defines the start of the Yayoi Period in the Honshu Islands as “the beginning of the continentalization of the peoples’ livelihoods, life, and culture”. The author also proposes that the boundary between the people of the central region and those of northern region began to be formed as a result after the Middle Yayoi Period.

  Keywords: Yayoi period; People of the central region; continentalization; Jadeite; boundaries
• Stratification of the Gusuku period in the Okinawa Islands
• SETO Tetsuya
  Abstract: 　The Gusuku period is understood as the age when all of the Ryūkyū Islands became integrated into the East Asian trade and cultural sphere as a stratified society, with development based mainly on trade promoting the growth of a stratum of rulers called aji, and sites of their fortress-like bases called gusuku emerging, leading ultimately to the unification of the Ryūkyū Kingdom centered on Shuri Castle. In this contribution, an examination of the transition to stratification is made based on the ceramics trade and conditions of settlements, without any premise involving the notion of aji as recorded in historic documents. As a result, it is pointed out that for the main island of Okinawa in the first half of the period, from the latter half of the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, differences between social strata were mild, and that striking stratification advanced from the latter half of the fourteenth century on, based on the following three points. First, in the ceramics trade, there were radical changes from the latter half of the fourteenth century on such as increases in volume and the influx of superior wares. Second, among settlements of the latter half of the eleventh century at the start of the Gusuku period there are disparities in the amounts of recovered ceramics, but these are not reflected in the scale or arrangements of buildings, so there is thought to be a difference in nature between one type of settlement for trade and another type for land development. Third, prior to the development of fortifications having outer walls and buildings with pillar base stones, gusuku of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were characteristically bases for their respective regions, and it is thus supposed that truly preeminent figures of power had yet to emerge in comparison with the time of more developed fortification and thereafter.

  Keywords: Gusuku period; stratification; ceramics trade; settlements of the start of the Gusuku period; the main island of Okinawa

RESEARCH NOTE

• On the unifacial tuffite axe and single flat lateral-faced axe recovered from the Yōkaichi Jikata site in Komatsu city, Ishikawa prefecture
• SATŌ Yukio and MIYADA Akira
Abstract: The Yōkaichi Jikata site of Komatsu city, Ishikawa prefecture, is a representative Yayoi period settlement of the Hokuriku region. A river ran through the central portion of the settlement, and the river’s lower strata are sediments from the latter portion of the Early to the start of the Middle Yayoi periods. From these strata, a unifacially ground type of stone axe of tuffite, with a distribution centering on northern Kyushu, and a type of axe having only one flat lateral face, with a distribution centering on Hokkaido, were recovered. In order to explore the background, we examined unifacial tuffite axes recovered from northern Kyushu and from the San’in to northern Kinki regions. We also examined Hokkaido type ground stone axes, including those with a single flat lateral face, recovered from Hokkaido and from the Japan Sea side of northern Tōhoku. As a result, the unifacial tuffite axe recovered from the Yōkaichi Jikata site was found to have been brought directly from northern Kyushu. Also, the single flat lateral-faced axe was found to have been brought directly from northern Tōhoku. Further, it is thought that these stone axes were items for outfitting boats used in water transport.
Keywords: trade; water transport; northern Kyushu; northern Tōhoku; Hokkaido type ground stone axe

REPORTS, NEWS AND APPEALS

• Special feature: Archaeology in schools, Part 2
  

“Proactive, interactive, and deep learning” that utilizes archaeological materials seen in middle-school history textbooks
MURATA Shūseki

• Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan World Heritage Site “Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor”: On the first cross-border heritage site in Asia
• SAKAI Takashi
• Protection of underwater cultural heritage in Greece
• NAKANISHI Yumiko, KATAGIRI Chiaki, Angeliki G. Simosi, Panagiota Galiatsatou, Anastasia Mitsopoulou, Ilias Kouvelas and Kostas Kaldis
• Report of attendence at the “Catastrophes in Context Archaeological Perspectives” symposium held at Aarhus University in Denmark
• SAINO Hirohiko
• Report of attendance at the observation of cluster no. 23 of the Kohata mounded tomb group (Uji Mausoleum location no. 23)
• KIRII Riki

BOOK REVIEW

• MORI Takanori. Yayoi Society as seen from the Production and Use of Stone Tools
• TERAMAE Naoto

NEW BOOKS

• HISASUE Yayoi. Law for Archaeologists
• JŪBISHI Shunbu
• KUSAKA Sōichirō. The Stable Isotope Anthropology of Human Skeletal Remains
• HASHIMOTO Hiroko
• UEMINE Atsushi. Neolithic Stone Artifacts of Japan from an Archaeological and Archaeological Scientific Perspective
• FUJIYAMA Ryūzō
• TSUJIO Eiichi. Archaeological Research of Ships in Japan
• FUKAMI Yasuhiko

ARCHEO-FOCUS

• Excavation of the Yōkaichi site in Kaga city, Ishikawa prefecture
• NAKAYA Katsuhiko, Ishikawa Prefectural Center for Archaeological Operations
• The Kotosh and Jancao sites: Light and Shadow in the archaeology of Peru
• TSURUMI Eisei

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